;+3Lo lnDa'jfg kf6L{, g]kfnsf]
cfGtl/s ;d:of ;dfwfgaf/] k|:tfljt
;femf cjwf/0ff
!=
k[i7e"ld
ax'n /fi6«–/fHo
g]kfnsf] lnDa'jfg Ps P]ltxfl;s /fi6«–/fHo xf] . lnDa'jfgleq klg ljleGg /fi6«x¿
/x]sfn] of] Ps ax'n /fli6«o /fHo klg xf] . d'n'sdf :jt:k'mt{ ?kn] ljsl;t
eO/x]sf /fi6Þ\«–/fHox¿nfO{ PsLs/0fsf] gfddf PsfTds/0f ul/Pkl5 oxfFsf /fi6«–/fHox¿sf]
klxrfg d]l6Fb} uof] / clwsf/ vf]l;Fb} nluof] . zbfAbLof}+b]lvsf] /fhtGq, /f0ff
zf;g, k~rfotL Joj:yf / ax'bnsf] gfddf rnfOPsf] PsfTds Ps hftLo zf;gsf] lj?4df
;a} tx / tKsfaf6 cfGbf]ng p7\of] . of] cfGbf]ngsf] ann] /fhtGqsf] cGTo u/L
;+3Lo u0ftGqsf] ljhf/f]k0f ePsf] 5 . ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds, wd{lg/k]If
/fHo, ;+3Lotf, klxrfg, :jfoQtf, :jzf;g / cflTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/sf] Jojxfl/s
cEof; ug{ ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf :yflkt ljleGg /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] P]ltxfl;s a[xt\ Pstfkl5
;+3Lo lnDa'jfg kf6L{, g]kfn ag]sf] xf] .
lnDa'jfg kIfw/ kf6L{x¿sf]
Pstfsf nflu ;Da4 kf6L{ / b]z–ljb]zdf /x]sf lnDa'jfgL g]t[Tj, sfo{stf{ tyf
z'e]R5's af}l4s JolQmTjx¿sf] P]ltxfl;s of]ubfg cljid/0fLo 5 . lnDa'jfghGo kf6L{x¿df
/x]sf cg]s ;d:of, z+sf–pkz+sf / r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ klg k/f:t ub}{ Ps /fhg}lts ljj]s
/ lg0f{on] PsLs[t x'g;Sg' P]ltxfl;s pknlAw /x\of] . ;fy}, r'gf}tLk"0f{
PstfnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{' csf]{ cj;/ / r'gf}tL lyof] . of] cj;/ / r'gf}tLnfO{
cfTd;ft u/]/ Pstfdf cfj4 ;Dk"0f{ g]t[Tj, sfo{stf, af}l4s hdft / hgtfx¿af6
cf–cfˆgf] a'emfO{ / ljj]s cg';f/ ;Sbf] k|of; eO/x]sf] 5 .
xfdL ;a}nfO{ 1fg
ePsf] s'/f s] xf] eg] s'g} klg Ps hLjGt nf]stflGqs kf6L{df kf6L{sf /fhgLlts
;f+u7flgs sfo{snfk / j}rfl/s tyf ;}4flGts ljlw–ljwfgx¿nfO{ s] s;/L cl3 a9fpg]
eGg] af/]df /fhg}lts dt–ljdtx¿ plAhg ;S5g\ . o:tf dt\–ljdtx¿n] Ps xb;Dd cfGtl/s
/fhg}lts ;d:ofx¿ klg lgDTofpF5g\ . o:t}
dt\–ljdt tyf /fhg}lts ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;xL ljlw / k4ltn] ;dfwfg ub}{ n}hfFbf g} Pp6f
nf]stflGqs klxrfgjfbL kf6L{sf] ;fª\u7flgs hLjg rNb} cl3 a9\g] xf] .
s'g} klg ;d:ofsf]
klxnf] ;d:of eg]sf] Tof] ;d:ofnfO{ a'em\g] ;d:of xf] . s'g} klg ;d:ofnfO{ ;xL
?kdf a'em]kl5 aNn To;sf] ;xL ;dfwfgsf] af6f] v'Nb} hfg] x'G5 . x'g t o:tf
;d:ofnfO{ cfˆg} JolQmut jf ;fgf] ;d"xut :jfy{ / ;d:ofsf] 3]/f jf sf]0fdfq
a'em\g] ;d:of gx'g] klg xf]Og . o;nfO{ JolQmut :jfy{eGbf dfly p7fP/ hlt
km/flsnf] bfo/fsf] ;fd"lxs lxtdf n}hfg ;lsof] Tolt g} ;xL klxrfg, ljsNk /
;dfwfgsf] af6f] v'Nb} hfg] xf] .
of] cjwf/0ffdf xfdL /
xfd|f] kf6L{df plAhPsf cfGtl/s ;d:ofx¿sf] ;xL klxrfg u/L ;fd"lxs lxtdf
cfwfl/t ;dfwfgsf] pkfox¿ klxNofpg] k|oTg x'g]5 . o;df xfdL ;a}sf] ;fd"lxs
ljrf/, of]ubfg / ;xeflutf /xg ;sf];\ eGg] x]t"n] o;sf] ;sf/fTds sfof{Gjosf
nflu ;d]t o; k|:tfljt ;femf cjwf/0ff cl3 ;fl/Psf] xf] .
@= lnDa'jfg kIfw/
kf6L{x¿ PsLs/0f x'g'sf] sf/0f
Yff]/ax't ?kdf xfdL ;a} g} lnDa'jfg kIfw/
kf6L{x? PsLs/0f x'g'sf] P]ltxfl;s tyf /fhgLlts sf/0f af/] hfgsf/ g} 5f}+ . en},
o;nfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fx¿af/] xfdLaLr s]xL dt leGgtfx¿ x'g;S5g\ . oxL dt leGgtfx¿n]
klg lnDa'jfg Pstf ;+:yfut x'g / gx'g'df e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'g;S5 . xfdL of]
38Lsf] oL ;d:ofsf] rfªdf pleP/ ;xL ;dfwfg / ;fd"lxs ;f+u7flgs lxtsf]
;jfndf 5nkmn ul//xFbf k'gM Ps k6s kf6L{ PsLs/0f x'g' jf ug{'sf] sf/0fx¿af/]
;dLIffTds tl/sfn] :d/0f ubf{ ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ klxNofpg yk 6]jf k'Ug] dg;fon]
To;af/] oxfF s]xL a'Fbfut rrf{ u/f}+ .
s=
lnDa'jfg kIfw/ kf6L{x¿ PsLs/0f x'gk"j{ g]tf cwLg:t kf6L{sf ?kdf lyP . g]tf
cwLg:t kf6L{af6 kf6L{sf] clwg:t g]tf agfpg klg PsLs/0f ug{' k/]sf] xf] .
v=
lnDa'jfg kIfw/ kf6L{x¿sf] d'Vo dfu ;+3Lotf, klxrfg, lnDa'jfg, u0ftGq,
wd{lg/k]Iftf, ;dfj]zL nf]stGq, ;dfg'kflts, cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/, :jfoQtf,
:jzf;g cflb x'g\ . To;df klg lnDa'jfg kIfw/ kf6L{x¿sf] d'Vo zq' PsfTds /fHo;Qf
xf] . PsfTds /fHo ;QfnfO{ Wj:t u/L ;+3Lo Jofj:yf cGtu{t lnDa'jfg /fHo :yfkgf
ug'{ d"n nIo xf] . oL d'2f xfl;n ug{ xfd|f] ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgf klg ;+3Lo
rl/qsf] x'g'kb{5 . PsLs/0f x'gk"j{ xfd|f] ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgf PsfTds z}nLsf] lyof]
. kf6L{sf] gLltcg'?ksf] ;f+f7flgs ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug{ PsLs/0f ug{' k/]sf] xf] .
u=
cfly{s kIf s'g}klg ;+u7gsf] k|d'v d]?b08 xf] . PsLs/0f x'gk"j{ ;a}
kf6L{sf] cfly{s cj:yf :j]R5frf/L ?kdf rn]sf] lyof] . ufpF, gu/, If]q, lhNnf /
s]Gb|sf g]tfx¿n] Jofkf/L, pBf]uL, snsf/vfgf, xfO{8«f], 7]s]bf/ cflbaf6 s:n],
sltv]/, slt / s'g kf6L{sf]n] p7fPsf] eGg] tfTsfnLg s'g} kf6L{;+u ljZjfl;nf]
/]s8{ lyPg . To:t} k|jf; -ljb]z_ af6 s:n], s'g ;ldltn], sxfFaf6, slxn], slt /sd
k7fof] < clg Tof] k};f s'g kf6L{sf] s:n] kfof] / sxfF vr{ eof] < To;af/]
e/kbf]{ cl86 sxL x'g ;s]g . o:tf] cfly{s :j]R5frf/Ltfaf6 d'Qm geO{ lnDa'jfg
cfGbf]ngnfO{ nIodf k'¥ofpg c;Dej h:t} aGb} uPsf] / o:tf] lqmofsnfknfO{ /f]Sg PsLs/0f
ug{' k/]sf] xf] .
3=
ufpF–ufpFdf lnDa'jfg kIfw/ kf6L{x¿ Ps x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;femf hgdt lyof] . b]z–ljb]zdf
/xg' x'g] lnDa'jfgsf z'j]R5'sx¿sf] klg lnDa'jfg kIfw/ kf6L{x¿sf] Pstf xf];\
eGg] rfxgf lyof] . lnDa'jfgsf Aofkf/L, pBf]uL, Jofo;foL, ;~rf/sdL{, k|zf;g tyf
lnDa'jfgjf;L hgtfsf] lnDa'jfg kIfw/ kf6L{x¿sf] Pstf xf];\ eGg] Jofks bjfj lyof]
. o;sf/0f klg PsLs[t x'g' k/]sf] xf] .
ª=
lnDa'jfg nufotsf a'l4hLjL, t'Tt't'Dofxfª Ho"x¿n] lnDa'jfg kIfw/ kf6L{x¿nfO{
Pstf u/fpg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf / ;lqmo ;xhLs/0fsf sf/0f klg PsLs/0f ;Dej
ePsf] xf] .
r=
nfdf] ;dob]lv 5l/P/ /x]sf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ Pstfj4 u/]/ 6'6\km'6sf] dgf]lj1fgnfO{
;dfKt ub}{ lnDa'jfgsf] cfGbf]ngnfO{ gofF prfO{df k'of{pgsf nflu xfdLn] Pstf
ug{' k/]sf] lyof] . Tolt~h]n;Ddsf] /fhgLlts cEof;df s'g} Ps kf6L{ jf g]tfsf]
g]t[Tjn] dfq zlQmzfnL /fhgLlts ;+u7g / g]t[Tj x'g] cj:yf Jojxfl/s ?kdf b]lvPg .
Pstfsf] dgf]lj1fgn] xfdLdf /x]sf ;fgfltgf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ Tolts} klg ;dfwfg xf]nf /
;Dk"0f{ lnDa'jfg kIfw/ hgtfx¿nfO{ Ps u/]/ n}hfg ;lsPnf eGg] p2]Zo klg xf]
. o;/L, PsLs[t eP/ PsfTdsjfbLx¿;Fu le8\bf pgLx¿sf cg]s if8oGq / zlQmx¿nfO{ klg
k/f:t ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] p2]Zon] klg xfd|f lnDa'jfg kIfw/ ;a} kf6L{x¿nfO{ PsLs[t
x'g' k/]sf] xf] .
5=
lnDa'jfg :jfoQ /fHo k|flKtsf nflu g} lnDa'jfghGo /fhg}lts bnx¿sf] :yfkgf ePsf]
xf] . lnDa'jfgsf] gfddf ljut jiff}{+b]lv cfGbf]ng x'Fb} cfO/xsf] 5 . lnDa'jfgsf]
nflu n8\g] w]/} bnx¿ lgdf{0f ePtf klg lnDa'jfg :jfoQ /fHo :yfkgf ug{;Sg] zlQm s'g}
Ps bndf dfq gePsf] xF'bf Pstfsf] ljsNk lyPg . Ps ;zQm kf6L{ lgdf{0f ug{
lnDa'jfg /fHo ;'lglZrttfsf nflu :yflkt km/s km/s kf6L{x¿aLr Pstf u/L ;+3Lo
lnDa'jfg kf6L{, g]kfn u7g ul/Psf] xf] .
h=
lnDa'jfgsf nflu n8\g] w]/} bnx¿ ljutdf sf]xL r'gfj n8\bf g/fd|f];+u xfl/of],
sf]xL r'gfj alxisf/ ubf{ g/fd|f];+u kml;of] . cfwf/ Pp6}, nIo Pp6} t/ leGgleGg
kf6L{ / km/s km/s sfo{gLltsf sf/0f ljutdf ;kmn x'g ;s]gf} . ca k'gM nIo xfl;n
ug{'5, PsfTdsjfbL /fhgLlts zlQmx¿;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug{'5 / ljho xfl;n ug'{5 . cyf{t\
lnDa'jfgsf nflu Ps alnof] kf6L{ / Pp6} sfo{gLltsf ;fy xfdLn] PsfTds, klxrfg
lj/f]wL, cflbjf;L hghflt lj/f]wL, dw]zL, dlxnf, blnt / lk58f ju{sf] klxrfg /
xs–clwsf/ lj/f]wL kf6L{x¿nfO{ k/flht ug{ / xfd|f] nIo xfl;n ug{ PsLs/0f ul/Psf]
xf] .
#=
PsLs/0fkl5sf] ;dLIff
@)&! ;fpg !( ut]
e]8]6f/df lnDa'jfg kIfw/ kfFr kf6L{x¿ PsLs/0f eO{ ;+3Lo lnDa'jfg kf6L{, g]kfn
aGof] . e]8]6f/df kfFr kf6L{x¿ PsLs/0f eO{ Ps ePtf klg PsLs/0f k|lqmofrfFlx
6'+luPsf] 5}g . kf6L{ PsLs/0f k|lqmof 6+'uf]df k'Ug' eg]sf] ;+3Lo lnDa'jfg
kf6L{, g]kfnsf] klxnf] Pstfsf] dxflwj]zg ;DkGg x'g' xf] .
PsLs/0f ePsf] a]nf
kf6L{sf] lgDg b'O{j6f sfo{ef/x? lyP–
s=
kf6L{sf] PsLs/0f k|lqmofnfO{ hlt;Sbf] rfF8f] 6+'uf]df k'¥ofpg] .
kf6L{sf] PsLs/0f
k|lqmof ePsf]n] cWoIf / dxf;lrjn] ;a} sfd ;xdltdf cl3 a9fpg] . kf6L{sf] PsLs/0f k|lqmof hlt ;Sbf] rfF8f]
6+'uf]df k'¥ofpg kf6L{sf cWoIf / dxf;lrjsf] k|d'v e"ldsfdf ;DkGg x'g] xf]
. To;sf nflu kf6L{sf] s]Gb|b]lv ;a} tx;Ddsf sfof{nox¿ ;'rf? ug]{, ljwfg, 3f]if0ff–kq
k|sfzg ug]{, ;+u7g lj:tf/ ug]{, k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{, kf6L{sf ;a}txsf
g]tfx¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbFb} n}hfg] . clg, kf6L{sf] cfGbf]ng ;ldltaf6 3f]lift cfGbf]ngsf
sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf ;fy lbg] / sfof{Gjog u/fpg] . ldq zlQmx¿;+u 5nkmn
u/L df]rf{, u7aGwg ug]{ . s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] lgoldt a}7s /fVg] . To:t} kbflwsf/L,
;lrjfno / lhNnfsf a}7sx¿ lgoldt ug{ kxn ug]{ . ;+3Lo lnDa'jfg kf6L{, g]kfnsf]
klxnf] Pstfsf] dxflwj]zg ;DkGg ug{ k"0f{ jftfj/0f tof/ kfg]{ cflb sfo{x?
;DkGg x'g' kg]{ lyof] .
v=
lnDa'jfg /fHo ;'lglZrt ug{ lnDa'jfg cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;zQm kfg]{ .
lnDa'jfg kIfw/ kf6L{x¿sf]
PsLs/0f;+u} kf6L{sf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ef/ eg]sf] lnDa'jfg /fHo ;'lglZrt
ug{sf nflu lnDa'jfg cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;zQm kfg'{ xf] . o;sf nflu e]8]6f/af6}
lnDa'jfg cfGbf]ng pRr:t/Lo ;ldlt aGof] . cfGbf]ngsf] dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ef/
;DkGg ug{ kf6L{sf jl/i7 g]tf ;+of]hs / ;j{dfGo g]tf, ;jf]{Rr g]tf, jl/i7
pkfWoIf, pkfWoIf ;b:o /xg' ePsf] Ps ;ldlt /x]sf] 5 . of] ;ldltn] nuftf/ sfo{qmd
NofO{ g} /x]sf] 5 . @)&@ c;f/ #) ut] w/fg xl/ofnLdf ;DkGg a}7skl5 lnDa'jfg
cfGbf]ng pRr:t/Lo pk;ldlt aGof] . To;kl5, ;fpg ! ut]b]lv ebf} !@ ut];Dd lgs}
prfO{df lnDa'jfg cfGbf]ng p7\g nfu]sf] / cfGbf]ngsf] jftfj/0f aGb} uPsf] cj:yf
lyof] . ;f]xL ;do;+u} lnDa'jfg ;+o'Qm ;+3if{ ;ldlt u7g u/L
;dfgfGt/ sfo{qmd 3f]if0ff ul/of] . /, lnDa'jfg cfGbf]ng ljeflht x'g uof] . Tof];+u}
xfn;Dd lnDa'jfg cfGbf]ng Ps eP/ cl3 a9|\g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .
lnDa'jfghGo kf6L{x¿
lnDa'jfg :jfoQ /fHo k|flKtsf nflu PsLs/0f ePsf] ;a}nfO{ 1ft 5 . kf6L{ PsLs/0fn]
/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf /fd|f] / ;sf/fTds ;Gb]z lbof] . lnDa'jfg Pstfn]
klxrfg lj/f]wLx¿ ql;t eP . klxrfgjfbL bnx¿ xfd|f] PsLs/0fn] yk pT;flxt lyP .
lnDa'jfgL hgtfn] of] Pstfaf6 w]/} ck]Iff u/]sf lyP . ;a}n] o;nfO{ klxrfgjfbL
cfGbf]ngsf] nflu yk prfO{sf] ;zQm zlQmsf] ?kdf lng yfn]sf] cj:yf lyof] . t/,
kf6L{n] kl/l:ylt cg';f/sf] cfGtl/s kf6L{ ;+:yfut ug]{ / cfGbf]ngsf] sfo{qmdx¿nfO{
prfO{df k'¥ofpg ;s]g . kf6L{ PsLs/0f ef}lts ?kdf dfq x'g;Sof] . k|d'v g]t[Tjx¿n]
efjgfTds Pstfsf] /fhgLlts jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ ;s]gg\ .
Kff6L{ PsLs/0fsf]
nueu !* dlxgf laTbf sl/a b'O{ k6s dfq ;lrjfnosf] a}7s a:g ;Sof] . s]jn Ps k6sdfq
s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7s al;of] . oltsf ljifd kl/l:yltdf klg a}7s g} a:g g;Sbf
kf6L{n] ;+:yfut ?k / ult lng ;s]g . a}7s g} gePkl5 kf6L{ lg0f{o cfpg ;s]g .
kf6L{sf] ;d:ofx¿ ;dodf ;dfwfg ug{ klg ;lsPg . Tof];+u} lgoldt kf6L{ sfo{no;Dd
;~rfng x'g ;s]g . kmn:j?k, kf6L{sf] ;fd"lxs / cflwsfl/s ?kdf sfo{qmd
3f]if0ff x'g ;s]g . k|d'v g]t[Tjx¿df ljZjf;eGbf Ps csf{nfO{ z+sf ug]{ kl/l:ylt
a9]/ uof] . kf6L{n] s;} g]tfnfO{ vf; lhDd]jf/L lbg ;s]g . kf6L{ qmdzM
w'j|Ls/0ftkm{dfq ws]lnFb} uof] . o:tf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ a]n}df ;dfwfg ug{ klg tTsfn
a}7sx¿ a:g' kb{Yof] . t/ To;f] ePg .
b'Mvsf] s'/f kf6L{sf]
P]ltxfl;s Pstf eO;Sbf g;Sb} s]xL g]t[Tjx¿df t';sf] efjgf hlGd ;s]sf] lyof] .
lxhf] km'6sf] cj:yfdf /x]sf tLtf If0fx¿ kvfnL g;s]sf] cj:yfd} Pstfsf] klxnf]
r/0f ;lsPsf] lyof] . of] cj:yfdf d'Vo g]t[Tjx¿df pT;flxt dgf]lj1fgeGbf klg xf/sf]
dfgl;stf af]s]/ g]t[Tj u/]sf] x'gfn] klg ;xL ?kdf kf6L{ ;~rfng x'g'df cj/f]w
k'Uof] . o;sf/0fn] klg kf6L{ PsLs/0f k|lqmof k"/f x'g tyf ;+:yfut x'gdf
afwf k'Uof] . kf6L{, ;+u7g / ;fd"lxstf eGbf klg JolQm s]lGb|t eP/ kf6L{sf]
ultljlwnfO{ rnfpg yflnof] . kf6L{ lg0f{o / gLlt s]lGb|t eP/ kf6L{ rNg ;s]g .
sfo{sf/L cWoIf x'g] jf gx'g] ljifo klg ljwfgsf] d'Vo cj/f]ws aGof] . ljgf
;Nnfx, 5nkmn, ax; / a}7s ljgf g} cfkm"v'zL kf6L{ rnfpg] k|j[lQ XjfQ} xfaL
eof] . g]t[Tjn] g} klg u'6sf] /fhgLlts z'? u/] . kf6L{ PstfnfO{ cfTd;fy ug{ g;Sbf
/ kf6L{ PsLs/0f k|lqmof;+u}sf] kf6L{sf] d"n sfo{ef/nfO{ OdfGbf/Lk"j{s
sfof{Gjog gubf{ clxn] Pstfkl5 kf6L{ of] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] 5 .
$=
PsLs/0fkl5 cfPsf ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿
·
kf6L{
PsLs/0f k|lqmof;+u}sf] kf6L{sf] d"n sfo{ef/nfO{ OdfGbf/Lk"j{s
sfof{Gjog ug{ g;Sg' .
·
k|d'v
g]t[Tjx¿n] PstfnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ g;s]sf]n] kf6L{df ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf x'g g;Sg' .
·
k|d'v
g]t[Tjx¿df z+sf ug]{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ul/Psf]n] efjgfTds Pstf x'g g;Sg' .
·
kf6L{nfO{
gLlteGbf klg JolQm k|wfg tyf cfkm" cgs"n agfpg] k|j[lQ ljsf; x'g' .
·
gLltuteGbf
klg k|fljlws ljifox¿df dfq cndn kg'{ .
·
;fª\u7flgs
lhDd]jf/L afF8kmfF8 ug{ g;Sg' . kf6L{df ePsf lg0f{o sfo{Gjog ug{ clgR5's x'g' .
·
Kff6L{df
gofF ;f]r, k|j[lQ, sfo{z}nL, sfo{lbzf lgdf{0f x'g g;Sg' .
·
Kff6L{df
plAhPsf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg ug'{eGbf klg Psfk;df bf]iff/f]k0f ug{dfq pBt\ x'g' .
kf6L{leq cfPsf ;d:of ;dfwfg xf]Og, ;d:ofsf] ljsNk NofO{ yk ;d:of pAhfpg] sfo{
x'g' .
·
;d:ofx¿
;dfwfg ug{sf vflt/ a}7s g} a:g g;Sg' .
·
Kff6L{df
h'6eGbf klg km'6pGd'v u/fpg] / ;fdfGo s'/fnfO{ lnP/ /fhg}lts ab\gfd u/fpg]
k|j[lQsf] ljsf; eP/ hfg' .
·
;fdflhs
;~hfnsf] b'?kof]u u/L kf6L{ / g]tfx¿sf] ab\gfd ug]{ k|of; hf/L /xg' .
·
Gf]tf
tyf sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ /fhgLlts :s'lnª ug{ g;Sg' .
·
Kff6L{df
u'6jGbLsf] 3[l0ft ultljlw x'g' .
·
g]tf
sfo{stf{x¿df g}/f:otf 5fpg' .
·
lnDa'jfg
/fHo ;'lglZrttfsf nflu lnDa'jfg cfGbf]ng pRr:t/Lo ;ldltaf6 3f]lift cfGbf]ngsf
sfo{qmdx¿ OdfGbf/Lk"j{s ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 sfof{Gjog gx'g' / lnDa'jfg
cfGbf]ng w/f;foL aGb} hfg' .
·
ljleGg
sf/0fn] lnDa'jfgsf] ljwfg k|sfzgdf ;j{;Ddt x'g g;Sg' .
·
ljleGg
;b:otf kqx¿ ljjfb/lxt ?kdf ljt/0f ug{ g;Sg' .
·
kf6L{
sfof{no lgoldt ?kdf ;~rfng ug{ g;Sg', ToxL sfof{no ;d]t zq'x¿sf] cfqmd0fsf]
lgzfgfdf k/]sf] b'Mvb\ cj:yf x'g' .
·
lnDa'jfg
kIfw/ kf6L{x¿aLrsf] Pstfsf] cf}lrTok'i6L ug{ g;Sg' .
·
lnDa'jfg
;'lglZrttfsf nflu lnDa'jfg cfGbf]ng d"n sfo{gLlt xf] / df]rf{÷u7aGwg ;xfos
sfo{gLlt dfq} xf] . t/, ;xfosnfO{ g} d"n sfo{gLltsf] ?kdf lng' .
·
lnDa'
jfgcfGbf]ng ljefhg ug'{ .
· PsLs/0f k|lqmofnfO{ ;+:yfut ug'{eGbf
eFf8\g] lsl;dsf] ultljlw cl3 a9\g' .
·
lnDa'jfgljgfsf]
;+lawfg hfl/x'Fbf / kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no tf]8kmf]8 x'Fbf;Dd klg kf6L{leq
a}7s a;L ;dLIff x'g g;Sg'
.
%=
PsLs/0fkl5sf] ck]Iff
·
zlQmzfnL
kf6L{ lgdf{0f ug]{,
·
lnDa'jfg
:jfoQ /fHo ;+ljwfg ;efaff6} ;'lglZrt ug]{,
·
b]zJofkL
zlQm lgdf{0f ug]{,
·
cfGbf]ng
;zQm kfg]{,
·
hgtfsf]
ljZjfl;nf] kf6L{ lgdf{0f ug]{,
·
cfTdlge{/
kf6L{ lgdf{0f ug]{,
·
/fhgLlts
;'ea'em;lxtsf] rl/q / ;+:sf/sf] lgdf{0f ug]{,
·
lnDa'jfgdo
dfxf}n lgdf{0f ug]{,
·
lnDa'jfg
kf6L{ / cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{,
·
c/fhstfsf]
cGTo ug]{,
·
y'k|}
;zQm / /fhgLlts ;+:sf/ tyf rl/qn] o'Qm g]t[Tjx¿ lgdf{0f ug]{,
·
;fd"lxs
g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
^=
kl/0ffd s] cfof] <
·
Kff6L{
Pstf / cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ ;lsPg,
·
Gf]tf
sfo{stf{x¿ v'Nnd v'Nnf cf/f]k–k|Tof/f]kdf pq]/ c:j:y k|lt:kwf{ ug{ yfn],
·
Kff6L{df
km'6 / w'j|Ls/0fsf] cj:yf pTkGg eof],
·
kf6L{af6
g]tf sfo{stf{x? lgl:qmo, knfog eO{ kf6L{ g} kl/Tofu ug{ yfn],
·
Kff6L{df
c/fhstf a9]/ uof],
·
lnDa'jfg
cfGbf]ng ljefhg x'Fb} uPsf] .
·
Pstf
g} ;+:yfut ug{ g;lsg] xf] ls eGg] z+sf pAh]/ uPsf] .
·
Pstf
ug{ g} unt lyP5 eGg] unt dgf]lj1fg hah{:t pTkGg u/fOPsf] .
·
c;f]h
# ut] hf/L ;+ljwfgaf6 lnDa'jfg ;'lglZrt gePsf] .
&=
ca s] ug]{ <
·
k|d'v
g]t[Tjx¿aLr ;+jfbsf] yfngL x'g'kg]{ .
·
;a}n]
JolQmut tyf u'6ut :jfy{nfO{ Tofu]/ ;fd"lxs lxtsf nflu cu|;/ x'g'kg]{,
·
cNkdt
/ ax'dtsf] v]nnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{'kg]{,
·
;xdltsf]
jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{'kg]{, kf6L{sf] lg0f{oljgf / kf6L{sf lglZrt g]tfx¿aLr eb|
;xdltljgf s'g} sfo{ gug]{ .
·
;a};Fu
w]/}j6f 3]/fdf 5nkmn / ;/;Nnfx u/]/ ;xL ;dfwfgsf] pkfo vf]Hb} cl3 a9\g'kg]{ .
·
a}7s
a:gcl3 a}7ssf ;femf Ph]08fx¿ tou/L cfwf/e't tyf eb| ;xdlt vf]Hg' kg]{,
·
kf6L{
g]t[Tjsf] clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L afF8kmfF8af/] eb| ;xdlt u/]/ cl3 a9|g'kg]{,
·
k|jf;
;ldltx¿df ePsf ;d:of / km'6sf] cj:yfnfO{ t'?Gt} ldnfpg' kg]{,
·
kf6L{df
eO/x]sf] g]tf sfo{stf{ lg:s[o, knfog tyf kf6L{ kl/Tofu cflb ultljlwnfO{ tTsfn
/f]Sg] .
·
kf6L{leq
df}nfpFb} uPsf] :j]R5frfl/tf, c/fhstfnfO{ tTsfn lgoGq0f ug]{ . kf6L{ Pstf
af/]df ;s/fTds dgf]lj1fgsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
·
c;f]h
# ut]kl5 klxrfg;lxtsf] lnDa'jfg /fHo :yflkt ug]{ sfo{ ca clns s7Lg / nlDag]
ePsf]n] kf6L{nfO{ Ps l9Ssf agfO{ nfdf] :ki6 of]hgf;lxt lnDa'jfg cfGbf]ngnfO{
;zQm ?kdf cl3 a9fpg] .
·
;+3Lo
lnDa'jfg kf6L{, g]kfnnfO{ km'6\g glbg], olb o:tf] 36gf sf]xLaf6 e'na; o:tf]
ePdf klg lnDa'jfg e"ldleq s'g} /fhg}lts lqmofsnfj ug{ glbg] .
· PsLs/0f k|ls|ofnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{
;a} txsf g]tf, sfo{stf{x¿ nfuL kg]{ .
· Kff6L{sf l;4fGt / ljrf/nfO{
efif0fdf geO{ Jojxf/df nfu" ug]{ .
· Kff6L{df s'g}
;d:of jf lajfb cfP To;nfO{ nDAofpgsf] ;f6f] a}7s af]nfO{ t'?Gt ;dfwfg vf]Hg] .
· gofF ;+ljwfg, k|b]z g= ! / dw]z cfGbf]ngnfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f
to ug]{ .
· Dff]rf{ jf u7jGwg lgdf{0f ubf{
kf6L{df 5nkmn u/L :ki6 wf/0ff agfO{ cl3 a9\g] .
· tTsfn kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo a}7s
af]nfO{ lajflbt s'/fx¿nfO{ ;dwfg u/L kf6L{sf] :ki6
sfo{lbzf, sfo{gLlt agfO{ cl3 a9\g] .
· kf6L{sf
x/]s ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg 5nkmn, ax; / ;+jfb4f/f ug]{ ;+:sf/sf] yfngL u/f}+ .
*= ca x'g] s]Gb|Lo ;ldtLsf] a}7s k"j{ ;xdlt x'g' kg]{ ljifox¿
s= ljwfg
ljwfgsf] ljjfb,
kf6L{sf] ;}4flGts / j}rfl/s kIfdf geO{ 5kfO{ / cz'4tfh:tf
k|fljlws s'/fx?df dfq ePsf]n] 5flkPsf ljwfgnfO{ /f]sL kf6L{ PsLs/0f;+u} k|f/Dedf u7g ePsf] ljwfg
d:of}bf ;ldlt tyf lnDa'jfgL a'l4hLjL, t'Dofxfªx¿åf/f cg'df]bg eO{ cfPsf]
ljwfgnfO{ g} dfg]/ cfufdL dxflwj]zg ;DkGg ug]{ / kf6L{sf] ljwfg k|sfzgdf cfPsf
ljjfbnfO{ oxL cGTo ug]{ .
k|yd Pstf
dxflwj]zgkl5 kfl/t ljwfg, 3f]if0ff–kq k|sfzg ug{ lnDa'jfgL a'l4lhjLx¿nfO{ lhDdf
lbg] .
v= lhDd]jf/L afF8kmf8 -cfufdL dxflwj]zg;Dd_
!= df]rf{÷u7aGwg tyf k|yd Pstf
dxflwj]zg tof/L
;+of]hsM s'df/ lnªb]g
;b:oM ;'o{ dflvd
;b:oM afªufO{ lwdfn
;b:oM lj;]Gb| r]Dhf]ª
;b:oM b]ps'df/ g]Dafª
;b:oM nfh]xfª ;fDo'
;b:oM leif0f yfkf du/
;b:oM lgZrntf nfjtL
;b:oM df]xg a]3f
;b:oM /fd du/
;b:oM czf]s r]Dhf]ª
;b:oM lji0f' e§/fO{
@= ;+u7g ljefu
;+of]hsM jL/ g]Dafª
;b:oM dlrGb| a]3f
;b:oM 1fg'xfª O{Da'ª
;b:oM vu]Gb| dflvd
;b:oM kmStfªn'ª of]ªxfª
;b:oM k|]dlbk yfD;'xfª
;b:oM uh]Gb| nfjtL
;b:oM 6'k]Gb| o]St]g
;b:oM 8L=aL= v'bfª
;b:oM ljgf]b;]g vjf;
;b:oM ;/:jtf l;+us
;b:oM rGb|l;+ g]Dafª
;b:oM h]G6n nfjtL
;b:oM u+ufnfn ;]g]xfª
;b:oM 8fsk|;fb uf}td
;b:oM lbn]Gb| g]Dafª
;b:oM s]jn s6'jfn
;b:oM lge{ogf/fo0f dlNns
;b:oM pb]g ofbj
;b:oM ;'dg dfb]g
;b:oM /xdfg ldofF
#= /fli6«o zlQm lgdf{0f
;+of]hsM sdn 5f/fxfª
;b:oM 1fgaxfb'/ u'?ª
;b:oM /fhs'df/ kfn'ªjf
;b:oM OGb| >]i7
;b:oM v];]xfª vh'd
;b:oM elu/fh t'D;f
;b:oM xl/b]jL /fO{
$= lnDa'jfg cfGbf]ng tyf k|lzIf0f
ljefu
;+of]hsM ;Gh'xfª kfn'ªjf
;b:oM lbn]Gb| s'?Dafª
;b:oM 5lj ;Dafxfª\km]
;b:oM 8L=la= cfªa'ª
;b:oM cd[tf y]a]
;b:oM s'df/ ;fDo'
;b:oM rf}lsbf/ tfdfª
%=cfly{s tyf k|jf; ljefu
;+of]hsM /fdeQm s'?Dafª
;b:oM lbks d]ofªjf]
;b:oM ;s'Gtnf ;'Aaf
;b:oM t]Gwª ldes
;b:oM gf]gfd lgªn]s'
;b:oM Pn= aL= kfn'ªjf
;b:oM s]bf/ lwdfn
;b:oM uf]s'n e'h]n
;b:oM lbns'df/ nfjtL
;b:oM zDe' 7fs'/
Gff]6M ;a} ;+of]hsx¿n] cfk;L ;xdltdf sfd
ub}{ hfg] .
u=
k|yd Pstfsf] dxflwj]zg, lhNnf, k|jf; / k|ltlglw ko{j]Ifs
;+3Lo lnDa'jfg kf6L{,
g]kfnsf] bf];|f] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7s oxL @)&@ df3 dlxgfleq ;DkGg ug]{ .
;f]sf nflu df3 % ut] leq a}7ssf] cfAxfg ul/ ;Sg' kg]{ . ;Dk"0f{ lhNnf
;ldlt tyf k|jf; ;ldltx¿sf] clwj]zg oxL @)&@ r}q dlxgfleq ;DkGg ug]{ / ;+3Lo
lnDa'jfg kf6L{, g]kfnsf] k|yd Pstf dxflwj]zg oxL @)&# j};fv !% ut]leq ;DkGg
ug]{ . ;f] dxflwj]zg;+u} aGg] gofF g]t[Tjsf nflu kf6L{sf cWoIf, ;j{dfGo g]tf,
;jf]{Rr g]tf, jl/i7 g]tf / jl/i7 pkfWoIfHo'nfO{ oyfjt kbfg';f/ lg/Gt/tf lbg] .
k|ltlglw
ko{j]Ifs lgDgg';f/ /xg]
!= s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] ;a} k|ltlglw /====== ko{j]Ifs
@= !) j6f lhNnf ;ldltaf6 %÷# hgf k|ltlglw÷ko{j]Ifs
#= hgjuL{o ;ldltx¿af6 !÷! hgf k|ltlglw
$= k|jf; ;ldltx¿af6 @÷! hgf k|ltlglw÷ko{j]Ifs
%= lnDa'jfg ef]n]lG6o;{ # hgf k|ltlglw
^= :jfoQ If]q kl/ifb !÷! hgf k|ltlglw÷ko{j]Ifs
&= a'l4hLjL sl/a @) hgf ;xhstf{
Gff]6M ;Dk"0f{ k|ltlglw÷ko{j]Ifsx¿n] @)&# a};fv % ut]leq Ps k|lt kmf]6f];lxt
kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo sfo{nodf gfd a'emfO{ ;Sg'kg]{ .
ª=
ljljw
(=
Pstfsf] dxflwj]zg tof/L ;ldlt
s= ljwfg, 3f]if0ff
kq d:of}bf pk;ldlt
d:of}bf
tyf k|sfzgM lnDa'jfgL a'l4hLjL, t'Dofxfªx¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbg] .
v= /fhgLlts
k|ltj]bg tof/L pk;ldlt
;+of]hsM
s'df/ lnªb]g
;b:oM
;b:oM
gf]6M lnDa'jfgL a'l4hLjL, t'Dofxfªx¿sf]
klg ;xof]u lnP/ ug]{ .
u= Joj:yfkg
pk;ldlt
;+of]hsM
aªufO{ lwdfn
;b:oM
;b:oM
3= cfly{s pk;ldlt
;+of]hsM
/fdeQm s'?Dafª
;b:oM
;b:oM
ª= k|rf/k|;f/ pk;ldlt
;+of]hsM
1fg'xfª O{Da'ª
;b:oM
;b:oM
r= lnDa'jfgL af}l4s JolQmTjx¿sf] :yfg /
e"ldsf
lnDa'jfg kIfw/ kf6L{x¿sf]
Pstfsf] cfwf/ ( a'Fb] ;xdltsfg';f/ lnDa'jfgL af}l4s JolQmTjx¿nfO{ lnDa'jfg
;xhLs/0f ;d"xcGtu{t Ps :jtGq lnDa'jfg ljrf/ ;d"xsf] ?kdf lng] .
!)=
lgisif{
o; cjwf/0ffdfkm{t\
lnDa'jfg Pstfkl5 ljleGg sf/0fn] cfGtl/s ;d:ofdf km;]sf] kf6L{sf] cfGtl/s
;d:of?nfO{ tTsfn ;dfwfgtkm{ pGd'v u/fO{ lnDa'jfg kf6L{ / cfGbf]ngsf] ;fvnfO{
arfpg tyf lnDa'jfg kIfw/ kf6L{x¿sf] PsLs/0f k|lqmofnfO{ 6'+uf]df k'of{pgsf nflu
s]xL tTsfnLs pkfox¿ cl3 ;fl/Psf] 5 . o;n] xfd|f] kf6L{df pAh]sf cfGtl/s ;d:ofx¿nfO{
ku]{Ng / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿nfO{ klxNofpg d2t ub{5 . ;fy}, o; dfWodn] xfdL ;a}af6
ePsf sdLsdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ ;d]t Ps} 7fpFdf s]Gb|Ls[t u/]/ ;dfwfg ug{ tkm{ pGd'v
u/fpgdf klg ;xof]u ldNg]5 eGg] cf;o klg cleJoQm ul/Psf] xf] . o;df xfdL ;a}sf]
;femf ljrf/ / pkfox¿ cfpg h?/L 5 . lnDa'jfg kIfw/ kf6L{x¿sf] PsLs/0f
k|lqmofnfO{ 6'+uf]df k'of{pgsf nflu ;+3Lo lnDa'jfg kf6L{, g]kfnsf] k|yd Pstf
dxflwj]zg ;DkGg ug{ Psh'6 x'g ;Dk"0f{ kf6L{sf g]tfsfo{stf{ tyf z'e]R5'sx¿df
xflb{s cfXjfg ub{5f} .
ho lnDa'jfg Û
;+3Lo lnDa'jfg kf6L{, g]kfn
bf];|f] txsf g]t[Tjx¿sf] tkm{af6 kf6L{sf] cfGtl/s ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu
k|:tfljt ;femf cjwf/0ff
ldltM @)&@ k'; @^
lnDa'jfg, g]kfn











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